Erasmus’ New Testament editions online

[This post is regularly updated to reflect new finds and possibilities; for any suggestions, please use the comments.]

Erasmus published five editions of his Latin-Greek New Testament, with annotations, in 1516, 1519, 1522, 1527, and 1535. Gradually, all these editions have become available online. There were also Latin-only editions (not listed here).

1516

The Swiss www.e-rara.ch has Erasmus’ Novum Instrumentum omne of 1516, with the Annotationes (actually one of the copies of the Universtätsbibliothek Basel, shelf mark BibG B 3).

Navigation is easy, and the site’s table of contents is extensive (though not as exhaustive as to contain each NT book or even chapter). The quality of the images is good. From the contents page, one can download PDF files of parts of the book. One can also download a PDF of the entire book.

There is another copy in the digital collections of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (Staatliche Bibliothek, Regensburg, shelf mark 999/2Script.238).

There are also GB versions of the 1516 edition: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, shelf mark 4.D.10; Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, shelf mark BIB.ACC.015856).

Yet another, interesting copy is found in the Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf (shelf mark ULBD DUE 01 α); it is from the collection of (first owner) Johannes Cincinnius von Lippstadt, who even noted on which day he bought the book, and how much he paid for it (see f. aaa 1v), and who made extensive use of it.

Another copy is found at the Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat: Novum Instrumentum with Annotationes (shelf mark K0929).

Another copy is found at the Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena (Bibliotheca Electoralis, shelf mark 2 Theol.VIII,1).

1519

Erasmus’ second edition of 1519, with the Annotationes, is available as well at e-rara (Universitätsbibliothek Basel, shelf mark FG V 40-41).

There is another copy of the text volume at e-rara (Universitätsbibliothek Basel, shelf mark AN VI 217).

Another copy is found at the Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat: NT (shelf mark K1093); Annotationes (shelf mark K1002).

GB has the text volume of Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent (shelf mark BHSL.RES.1676).

This second edition of 1519 is also available at at the Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena (Bibliotheca Electoralis, shelf mark 2 Theol.VIII,2).
It is further possible to make links to specific page views, e.g. Erasmus’ conjecture φθονεῖτε at Jas 4:2, for example, or his annotation on the reading:

1522

Erasmus’ third edition of 1522, with the Annotationes, is available as well at e-rara (Universitätsbibliothek Basel, shelf mark FG V 42-42a).

Another copy is found at the Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat: NT (shelf mark K1096); Annotationes (shelf mark K1098).

Another copy is found at the Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena: NT and Annotationes (Bibliotheca Electoralis, shelf mark 2 Theol.VIII,3a).

GB has the annotations volume of Universiteitsbiblioteek Gent (shelf mark BIB.ACC.017827).

1527

Erasmus’ fourth edition of 1527, with the Annotationes, is available as well at e-rara (Universitätsbibliothek Basel, shelf mark FG V 43-43a).

The 1527 volume with the Annotationes is available in the Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart.


Another copy at the Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat: NT (shelf mark K1002); Annotationes (shelf mark K1099).

1535

Erasmus’ fifth edition of 1535, with the Annotationes, is available as well at e-rara (Universitätsbibliothek Basel, shelf mark UBH FG V 44:1-2).

The 1535 edition can also be found at the Erasmus Centre for Early Modern Studies, but only the New Testament text, not the Annotationes. Previously the Centre used the DjVU format, but since 2014 it provides PDFs instead.

Another copy at the Bibliothèque humaniste de Sélestat: NT (shelf mark K1092); Annotationes (shelf mark K1100).

Other copies can be found at GB: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (shelf mark 4.O.18: Text and Annotationes); Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent (shelf mark BIB.TH.004088; in one volume).

[updates]
[12 January 2015: added more 1516 editions and supplied shelf marks for these; updated information on the 1535 copy at ECEMS; updated the page view links to the Jena copy of the 1519 edition; added GB/ONB copies of the 1535 edition.]
[1 Februari 2017: added the e-rara 1519 and 1535 editions; added some more shelf marks; updated URLs to DOI]
[13 May 2017: added some Gent volumes: the 1516 edition; the 1519 text volume; the 1522 annotations volume; the 1535 edition.]
[10 June 2017: added the e-rara 1519 text volume.]
[18 September 2017: added the Sélestat volumes (all five editions).]
[25 February 2018: added the Jena 1516 and 1522 volumes; updated the 1519 volume.]

The Basel and Leiden editions of Erasmus' Opera omnia online

The Erasmus Center for Early Modern Studies, an initiative of the Erasmus University Rotterdam and Rotterdam City Library, has an impressive website, which is gradually expanding. An important element is ‘Erasmus online’ (EOL) a full database of the Erasmus collection in Rotterdam.

I recently found out that the complete Basel edition of Erasmus’ works (edited by Beatus Rhenanus; published in 1540; some 9500 pages!), as well as the Leiden edition (LB; edited by Clericus; published 1703-1706; more than 6000 large pages!), are available (in DjVU format).

Of course, for those volumes that are available, scholarly work has to be done on the basis of the Amsterdam edition (ASD) and the Toronto Collected Works of Erasmus (CWE). Still, these resources are very welcome, and, as far as I can see, very well done.
Finally, a tip for querying the database: select an author (e.g. Erasmus) by using the index and choose facsimiles only. And perhaps it is not a very good idea to try downloading these massive works ...

Amsterdam Database: editorial alternatives marked as “Diacritics”

The Amsterdam Database of New Testament Conjectural Emendation contains more than just conjectures. So-called “Editorial alternatives” are recorded as well. The Nestle editions include (included) several of such proposals, sometimes mentioning a name of the scholar attached.

Since it is not yet possible to easily find such cases in the online database, I include the list of editorial alternatives marked as involving “Diacritics” here, with links to the online database, where remarks and scholarly history can be found.

Matt 6:34 ἑαυτῆς ] αὑτῆς Westcott & Hort (cj10234)
Matt 8:18 αὐτόν ] αὑτόν Erasmus (cj10136)
Matt 9:16 αὐτοῦ ] αὑτοῦ Heinsius (cj12300)
Matt 13:23 ὅ … ὅ … ὅ ] ὁ … ὁ … ὁ Erasmus (cj11616)
Matt 15:5 ὠφεληθῇς ] ὠφελήθης Blass (cj15781)
Matt 23:37 αὐτήν ] αὑτήν Fritzsche (cj14020)
Matt 24:2 οὐ ] οὗ Meyer (cj12423)
Matt 24:41 ἐν τῷ ] ἔν τῳ Anonymous (cj10051)
Matt 27:29 ἀκανθῶν ] ἀκάνθων Pearce (cj10057)
Matt 28:1 σαββάτων ] σαββατών Masius (cj13619)
Mark 2:21 ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ ] αὑτοῦ Heinsius (cj13868)
Mark 7:11 ὠφεληθῇς ] ὠφελήθης Blass (cj10728)
Mark 9:23 πιστεῦσαι (𝔐) ] πίστευσαι Cappellus (cj12697)
Mark 11:13 οὐ γὰρ ἦν καιρὸς σύκων (𝔐) ] οὗ γὰρ ἦν, καιρὸς σύκων Heinsius (cj12611)
Mark 14:36 ὁ ] ὅ Heinsius (cj15382)
Luke 2:2 αὕτη ] αὐτή Triller (cj10414)
Luke 6:35 μηδέν ] μηδέν’ de Dieu (cj11385)
Luke 8:17 γάρ ἐστιν ] γὰρ ἔστιν Westcott & Hort (cj11617)
Luke 18:7 μακροθυμῶν (𝔐) ] μακροθύμων Elsner (cj16790)
Luke 20:19 πρὸς αὐτούς ] πρὸς αὑτούς Bornemann (cj11312)
John 1:24 ἀπεσταλμένοι ] ἁπεσταλμένοι Holwerda (cj12480)
John 3:34 οὐ ] οὗ Hitzig (cj16677)
John 5:2 κολυμβήθρα ] κολυμβήθρᾳ Hoelzlin (cj16160)
John 6:37 ἐκβάλω ] ἐκβαλῶ Anonymous (cj14628)
John 7:29 εἰμι ] εἶμι Schmidius (cj11945)
John 7:34 εἰμί ] εἶμι Stephanus (cj11678)
John 7:36 εἰμί ] εἶμι Stephanus (cj11946)
John 9:21 ἑαυτοῦ ] αὑτοῦ Erasmus (cj10223)
John 14:3 εἰμί ] εἶμι Schmiedel (cj11544)
John 19:14 ὥρα ἦν ὡς ἕκτη ] ὥρᾳ ἦν ὡς ἕκτῃ Bauldri (cj11990)
John 20:18 αὐτῇ ] αὑτῇ Pallis (cj16148)
Acts 4:31 παντὶ τῷ θέλοντι πιστεύειν (D05) ] παντί τῳ θέλοντι πιστεύειν Hilgenfeld (cj15923)
Acts 9:35 Σαρῶνα ] Ἁσσαρῶνα Nestle (cj10244)
Acts 13:8 Ἐλύμας ] Ἐλυμᾶς Scaliger (cj12244)
Acts 13:8 ὁ ] ὅ Heinsius (cj12245)
Acts 14:13 πρὸ πόλεως (D05) ] Προπόλεως Ramsay (cj11547)
Acts 19:38 ἀγοραῖοι ] ἀγόραιοι Camerarius (cj12405)
Acts 20:30 αὐτῶν ] αὑτῶν Stephanus (cj10087)
Acts 23:3 κρίνων ] κρινῶν Stephanus (cj16372)
Acts 28:15 οἱ ἀδελφοί ] ἁδελφοί Holwerda (cj12481)
Rom 1:30 θεοστυγεῖς ] θεοστύγεις Beza (cj12729)
Rom 5:5 καταισχύνει ] καταισχυνεῖ Pallis (cj15728)
Rom 5:7 γὰρ τοῦ ] γάρ του Hilgenfeld (cj10278)
Rom 5:18 εἰς … εἰς ] εἷς … εἷς Bruston (cj14705)
Rom 7:10 αὕτη ] αὐτή Baumgarten (cj10286)
Rom 8:15 ὁ ] ὅ Heinsius (cj12893)
Rom 8:34 κατακρινῶν ] κατακρίνων Erasmus (cj15132)
Rom 12:5 καθ’ εἷς ] κᾆθ’ εἷς Michelsen (cj16669)
Rom 13:11 ὅτε ] ὁτέ Schmidius (cj12956)
Rom 14:14 ἑαυτοῦ ] αὑτοῦ Griesbach (cj10304)
Rom 14:21 μηδὲ ἐν ᾧ ] μηδὲ ἓν ᾧ von Hofmann (cj10305)
Rom 16:7 Ἰουνίαν ] Ἰουνιᾶν Bentley (cj10310)
Rom 16:15 Ἰουλίαν ] Ἰουλιᾶν Anonymous (cj10311)
1 Cor 6:11 τινες ] τίνες zu Stolberg (cj15035)
1 Cor 9:8 ταῦτα ] ταὐτά Erasmus (cj10325)
1 Cor 9:10 ἤ ] ἦ Hess (cj10326)
1 Cor 9:15 ἢ – τό ] ἦ τό Bachmann (cj10328)
1 Cor 11:6 ξυρᾶσθαι ] ξύρασθαι Naber (cj13113)
1 Cor 14:7 ὅμως ] ὁμῶς Faber Stapulensis (cj10332)
1 Cor 15:8 ὡσπερεὶ τῷ ] ὡσπερεί τῳ Rittershusius (cj10335)
1 Cor 16:16 παντὶ τῷ ] παντί τῳ Hilgenfeld (cj10014)
2 Cor 3:17 οὗ ] οὐ Turner (cj15654)
Gal 1:7 τινες ] τίνες Baljon (cj12701)
Gal 2:17 ἆρα ] ἄρα Lachmann (cj10341)
Gal 3:15 ὅμως ] ὁμῶς Whitby (cj10342)
Eph 1:4 αὐτῷ ] αὑτῷ Morus (cj13218)
Eph 1:5 αὐτόν ] αὑτόν Erasmus (cj10018)
Eph 1:9 αὐτῷ ] αὑτῷ Erasmus (cj10019)
Eph 4:21 ἀλήθεια ] ἀληθείᾳ Westcott & Hort (cj10346)
Col 1:15 πρωτότοκος ] πρωτοτόκος Isidore of Pelusium (cj10687)
Col 1:20 αὐτόν ] αὑτόν Anonymous (cj10348)
Col 2:13 αὐτῷ ] αὑτῷ Heinrichs (cj16166)
Col 2:15 αὐτῷ ] αὑτῷ Erasmus (cj10024)
Col 2:23 καὶ ἀφειδίᾳ … ἐν τιμῇ ] ἀφειδία … ἐντίμη von Dobschütz (cj10651)
Col 2:23 ἀφειδίᾳ ] ἀφειδία Nestle (cj10028)
Col 3:18 ἀνῆκεν ] ἀνῇκεν d’Orville (cj13344)
1 Thess 4:6 ἐν τῷ ] ἔν τῳ Rittershusius (cj11545)
1 Thess 5:11 εἷς ] εἰς Faber Stapulensis (cj10352)
1 Thess 5:13 ἑαυτοῖς ] αὑτοῖς Schmiedel (cj10031)
2 Thess 2:4 αὐτόν ] αὑτόν Verschuir (cj13370)
2 Thess 2:11 ψεύδει ] ψεύδεῖ Markland (cj16802)
1 Tim 1:3 προσμεῖναι ] πρόσμειναι Knatchbull (cj13376)
2 Tim 2:2 μαρτύρων ] μαρτυρῶν Junius (cj13854)
Heb 1:3 αὐτοῦ ] αὑτοῦ Valckenaer (cj12166)
Heb 3:6 αὐτοῦ ] αὑτοῦ Stephanus (cj13031)
Heb 5:3 αὐτοῦ ] αὑτοῦ Griesbach (cj10363)
Heb 10:14 μιᾷ γὰρ προσφορᾷ ] μία γὰρ προσφορά Bengel (cj10364)
Heb 11:11 αὐτὴ Σάρρα στεῖρα ] αὐτῇ Σάρρᾳ Michaelis (cj11546)
Heb 12:3 ἑαυτόν ] αὑτόν Stephanus (cj10366)
Jas 3:6 τροχόν ] τρόχον Heinsius (cj15284)
1 John 5:18 ἑαυτόν ] αὑτόν Schmiedel (cj10395)
Rev 17:5 πορνῶν ] πόρνων Scaliger (cj10407)
Rev 18:23 φάνῃ ] φανῇ Anonymous (cj10410)

Erasmus, Opera Omnia, Amsterdam edition

In November 2009, I posted on the older Basel and Leiden editions of Erasmus’ Opera Omnia.

As I recently found out, most volumes of the vast and ongoing project of the Amsterdam edition are now online as well, in open access, and as PDF with OCR text. The latter is not perfect, but it still facilitates research enormously, of course.

For New Testament scholars, most important are the sixth “ordo”, with Erasmus’ NT texts and annotations (five volumes available, out of six published so far; two more volumes are to be published shortly), and the seventh, with the “paraphrases” (only one volume so far). Also the ninth “ordo”, with Erasmus’ “apologiae” etc. is important for a good impression of his New Testament scholarship.

But why not see for yourself the real critical Latin edition of the Praise of Folly, or of the Dialogue on the correct pronunciation of Latin and Greek? I could go on, but I won’t, this time.

For more information on the ASD edition, readers are referred to the site of the Huygens Institute.

Finally, most volumes of Allen’s edition of Erasmus’ letters are available at the Internet Archive. This is actualy the third “ordo” of Erasmus’ works, not repeated in the Amsterdam edition.

The scribal blunder in the Codex Corsendoncensis (min. 3)

As I was given access to the expert mode of the INTF Virtual Manuscript Room (thanks Martin), I decided to finally see for myself what the famous scribal blunder in min. 3 (VMR no. 30003) looks like. The example was discussed briefly last year on the Evangelical Textual Criticism blog.

Minuscule 3 (Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Suppl. gr. 52) contains the entire Greek New Testament except Revelation. It is named Codex Corsendoncensis , because it was one of two manuscripts from Corsendonk used by Erasmus when he was working on the second edition of his New Testament (published in 1519). Its date is given as twelfth-century. [The other Corsendonk manuscript is a Latin Gospel manuscript, now in the Berlin Staatsbibliothek (Ms. theol. lat. qu. 4)].

The manuscript has not yet been indexed for the VMR (any volunteers?), so it took me some time to find the correct page. It turns out to be f. 376^v; the VMR number is 8110.

The blunder itself concerns 2 Cor 8:4. The normal Greek text of 2 Cor 8:4-5a runs as follows: ... ⁴ μετὰ πολλῆς παρακλήσεως δεόμενοι ἡμῶν, τὴν χάριν καὶ τὴν κοινωνίαν τῆς διακονίας τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους· ⁵ καὶ οὐ καθὼς ἠλπίσαμεν, ... (‘... ⁴ begging us earnestly for the favor of taking part in the relief of the saints -- ⁵ and this, not as we expected, ... - RSV, taking τὴν χάριν καὶ τὴν κοινωνίαν together). As indicated in NA²⁷, some manuscripts add δέξασθαι ἡμᾶς at the end of verse 4, thereby having an AcI depending from δεόμενοι: ‘that we accept the favor and the community ...’
Min. 3 also has this addition. Its text, however, is as follows: ... ⁴ μετὰ πολλῆς παρακλήσεως δεόμενοι ἡμῶν τὴν χάριν καὶ τὴν κοινωνίαν τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους, δέξασθαι ἡμᾶς ἐν πολλοῖς τῶν ἀντιφράφων οὕτως εὕρηται ⁵ καὶ οὐ καθὼς ἠλπίσαμεν, ...
Note the omission of τῆς διακονίας after τὴν κοινωνίαν, which could already qualify as a scribal blunder (due to homoeoarchton), for the following τῆς can no longer be understood. The real blunder, however, is found in the words just after δέξασθαι ἡμᾶς: ἐν πολλοῖς τῶν ἀντιφράφων οὕτως εὕρηται (‘thus it is found in many copies’). This simply has to be a marginal note, mistaken for a correction, and put into the text by a scribe who was apparently thinking of quite other matters than the relief of the saints.
One can surmise that the original note included (began with) δέξασθαι ἡμᾶς. Thus, the scribe’s exemplar signalled the variant reading δέξασθαι ἡμᾶς and even added some information on it.

With the kind permission of the VMR team, I can now show the image on this blog (taken from the VMR jpg, which represents the INTF microfilm; slightly enhanced for b/w contrast; f. 376^v; VMR no. 8110). As can be seen, someone marked the blunder in the text and even put a mark in the left margin to draw attention to it.

The reception history of the scribal blunder itself is interesting as well. It was mentioned for the first time by none other than Erasmus. In his 1519 edition, he added a long note to his annotation on these verses. The example must have been very welcome to him, for it is clear proof that even the sacred texts are not free from ridiculous scribal errors and that textual criticism is necessary, whatever theologians may say. He concluded the note by saying that ‘we found innumerable places corrupted for this same cause'. Even before the 1519 edition, he had already mentioned the case in his apology against Faber Stapulensis. There, the point made was somewhat more specific. He warned his colleague to not naively trust (Greek) manuscripts. Keep thinking critically.

I would not be surprised if Erasmus were the one responsible for the underlining and marginal note in the manuscript. However the microfilm image cannot be conclusive in this respect. What we do know is that Erasmus did not hesitate to put a personal note in the manuscript he used. In this case, he did so even twice, once in Latin, on f. 1^r (VMR no. 80), and once in Greek, on f. 181^v (VMR no. 3970). Let me show you an enhanced image of the latter:

 Well, at least he wanted the manuscript to be kept safe ...

In subsequent centuries, the blunder was frequently mentioned in text-critical books. Bengel, in his 1734 Greek New Testament, refers to Erasmus. Metzger also mentions the case in his Text of the New Testament (3-1992, p. 194; see also Metzger/Ehrman 4-2005, pp. 258-259), referring to Bengel. Perhaps in a future edition, Erasmus himself could be mentioned as well.

The example itself may indeed have some importance for text-critical reasoning in general and conjectural emendation in particular. It shows that marginal annotations which were mistakenly adopted into the text did occur. The question remains, however, how widespread the phenomenon actually is, and how it can be demonstrated in cases that are less clear than the one in min. 3.

Amsterdam Database: Conjectures with Attestation

The question was asked whether the Amsterdam Database of New Testament Conjectural Emendation contains “confirmed” conjectures, that is, conjectures for which later attestion has been identified. The Database marks such instances in the “A” (for “Attestation”) column, but currently does not allow to perform a search on just this category.

Therefore, a list is included here, with links to the online database, where more information can be found. The editorial remarks often clarify what is at stake.

Matt 5:13 [22] μωρανθῇ ] μαρανθῇ Naber (1881) cj10730
Matt 5:19 [58] οὗτος μέγας ] οὕτως, μέγας Markland (1739) cj11195
Matt 5:45 [20] ὅτι ] ὅστις Beza (1556) cj11200
Matt 6:24 [31] ἐνός ] τοῦ ἐνός Markland (1772) cj11202
Matt 7:6 [22] ὑμῶν ] om. Blass (1901) cj16275
Matt 8:28 [22] Γαδαρηνῶν ] Γεργεσηνῶν Origen 248 cj10148
Matt 8:31 [16] ἐκβάλλεις ] ἐκβαλεῖς Naber (1878) cj10696
Matt 10:31 [8] πολλῶν ] πολλῷ Markland (1739) cj10697
Matt 12:24 [28–30] ἐν τῷ Βεελζεβούλ ] ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ τῷ Fritzsche (1826) cj11548
Matt 12:35 [37] πονηρά ] τὰ πονηρά Markland (1772) cj11218
Matt 12:48 [10–12] τῷ λέγοντι ] om. Holwerda (1860) cj10613
Matt 15:31 [16–18] κυλλοὺς ὑγιεῖς ] om. Erasmus (1516) cj11222
Matt 21:7 [28] ἐπεκάθισεν ] ἐπεκάθησεν Gerbel (1521) cj12346
Matt 21:41 [2–4] λέγουσιν αὐτῷ ] om. Heinsius (1639) cj11248
Matt 22:28 [17] τίνος τῶν ἑπτὰ ἔσται γυνή; ] τίνος τῶν ἑπτὰ ἔσται ἡ γυνή; Fritzsche (1826) cj12353
Matt 23:11 [10] ἔσται ] ἔστω Schmidius (1637) cj11255
Matt 23:14 [28] καί ] om. Heinsius (1639) cj11257
Matt 23:35 [44–46] υἱοῦ Βαραχίου ] om. Anonymous (1653) cj11258
Matt 24:6 [20] θροεῖσθε ] θορυβεῖσθε Naber (1878) cj10753
Matt 25:9 [4] δέ ] om. Hombergk zu Vach (1712) cj11262
Matt 26:29 [29] ἀμπέλου ] ἀμπέλου ταύτης Blass (1901) cj16336
Matt 26:42 [16] μου ] om. Blass (1901) cj16341
Matt 26:60 [8–12] πολλῶν προσελθόντων ψευδομαρτύρων ] om. Schulz (1827) cj12370
Matt 27:9 [12] Ἰερεμίου ] Ζαχαρίου Origen 249 cj10725
Matt 27:9 [12] Ἰερεμίου ] om. Musculus (1544) cj12376
Matt 27:10 [4] ἔδωκαν ] ἔδωκα Beza (1589) cj10726
Matt 27:16 [2] εἶχον ] εἶχεν Holwerda (1854) cj12377
Matt 27:16 [14–16] [Ἰησοῦν] Βαραββᾶν ] Ἰησοῦν Βαραββᾶν Michaelis (1772) cj11268
Matt 27:43 [12] νῦν ] txt Beza (1589) cj11311
Matt 27:53 [18] αὐτοῦ ] αὐτῶν Glykas (1204) cj16738
Mark 1:4 [24–28] εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν ] om. Scholten (1868) cj12526
Mark 1:16 [29] ἀμφιβάλλοντας ] ἀμφίβληστρον ἀμφιβάλλοντας Michelsen (1867) cj12527
Mark 1:20 [4–10] εὐθύς ] pon. p. αὐτούς. καί Schrader (1817) cj12528
Mark 1:43 [2–12] καὶ ἐμβριμησάμενος αὐτῷ εὐθὺς ἐξέβαλεν αὐτόν ] om. Bergman (1866) cj12533
Mark 2:26 [16–20] ἐπὶ Ἀβιαθὰρ ἀρχιερέως ] om. Beza (1556) cj12696
Mark 4:28 [20–22] πλήρη[ς] σῖτον ] πλήρης σῖτον Hort (1881) cj10619
Mark 5:1 [24] Γερασηνῶν ] Γεργεσηνῶν Origen 248 cj12554
Mark 7:3 [20] πυγμῇ ] πυκνά Erasmus (1527) cj10427
Mark 7:7 [13] ἐντάλματα ] καὶ ἐντάλματα Mangey (1755) cj11300
Mark 7:13 [22–30] καὶ παρόμοια τοιαῦτα πολλὰ ποιεῖτε ] om. Owen (1782) cj11303
Mark 8:24 [22] περιπατοῦντας ] περιπατοῦντα Clericus (1698) cj11305
Mark 9:7 [14] καὶ ἐγένετο φωνή ] καὶ φωνή Michelsen (1867) cj10431
Mark 9:18 [12] ῥήσσει ] ῥάσσει Bois (1643) cj11317
Mark 9:43 [54–62] εἰς τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἄσβεστον ] om. Beza (1582) cj11321
Mark 10:30 [20–44] οἰκίας καὶ ἀδελφοὺς καὶ ἀδελφὰς καὶ μητέρας … μετὰ διωγμῶν ] om. Pearce (1774) cj11325
Mark 10:30 [44] διωγνῶν ] διωγμόν Heinsius (1639) cj11783
Mark 10:36 [14] [με] ποιήσω ] ἵνα ποιήσω Michelsen (1867) cj10437
Mark 12:27 [5] οὐκ ἔστιν θεὸς νεκρῶν ] οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς θεὸς νεκρῶν Markland (1772) cj10446
Mark 12:30 [36–46] καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς διανοίας σου ] om. Drusius (1588) cj10513
Mark 13:7 [6] ἀκούσητε ] ἀκούητε Holwerda (1853) cj12472
Mark 13:32 [32–36] οὐδὲ ὁ υἱός ] om. Ambrose 378 cj12622
Mark 14:65 [35] προφήτευσον ] προφήτευσον, τίς ἐστιν ὁ παίσας σε; Schmiedel (1901) cj14136
Mark 15:25 [8] τρίτη ] ἕκτη Jerome 398 cj11344
Mark 15:36 [24–26] λέγων· ἄφετε ] οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ἔλεγον· ἄφες Jansenius (1571) cj12630
Luke 1:29 [6–10] ἐπὶ τῷ λόγῳ ] om. Griesbach (1774) cj13632
Luke 1:63 [18] αὐτοῦ ] αὐτῷ Lee (2014) cj15377
Luke 2:11 [12–18] ὅς ἐστιν χριστὸς κύριος ] om. Markland (1772) cj11236
Luke 2:14 [18] ἐν ] om. Erasmus (1516) cj11363
Luke 2:21 [18] καί ] om. Markland (1776) cj11365
Luke 2:22 [16] αὐτῶν ] om. Bengel (1742) cj11366
Luke 3:23 [10] ἀρχόμενος ] ἐρχόμενος Casaubon (1614) cj11371
Luke 3:36 [2–4] τοῦ Καϊνάμ ] om. Beza (1556) cj10149
Luke 4:25 [58] λιμὸς μέγας ] λιμὸς μεγάλη Valckenaer (1785) cj13652
Luke 4:33 [16–20] πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου ] δαιμόνιον Sahlin (1949) cj16939
Luke 5:29 [34] ἄλλων ] ἁμαρτωλῶν Mangey (1755) cj11380
Luke 6:9 [17] ἐπερωτῶ ὑμᾶς εἰ ἔξεστιν ] ἐπερωτῶ ὑμᾶς τι· εἰ ἔξεστιν Valckenaer (1784) cj13659
Luke 6:11 [8] ἀνοίας ] ἀνομίας Bentley (1720) cj14048
Luke 6:35 [20] μηδέν ] μηδένα Pearce (1774) cj13141
Luke 8:26 [14] Γερασηνῶν ] Γεργεσηνῶν Origen 248 cj13670
Luke 8:37 [20] Γερασηνῶν ] Γεργεσηνῶν Origen 248 cj13671
Luke 9:13 [52] ἀγοράσωμεν ] ἀγοράσομεν Holwerda (1853) cj12237
Luke 9:53 [20] πορευόμενον ] πορευομένου Beza (1589) cj10705
Luke 10:11 [28] ἀπομασσόμεθα ] ἀποτινασσόμεθα Valckenaer (1784) cj10470
Luke 10:29 [27] πλησίον ] ὁ πλησίον Markland (1763) cj11404
Luke 11:53 [2–6] Κἀκεῖθεν ἐξελθόντος αὐτοῦ ] Καί Griesbach (1774) cj13697
Luke 12:7 [24] πολλῶν ] πολλῷ Markland (1739) cj10479
Luke 12:26 [6] οὔτε (𝔐) ] οὐδέ Markland (1772) cj11422
Luke 13:17 [40] γινομένοις ] γενομένοις Markland (1772) cj11427
Luke 18:6 [10] ἀκούσατε ] ἠκούσατε Price (1660) cj11434
Luke 19:4 [26] ἐκείνης ] ἐκείνῃ Bornemann (1830) cj12488
Luke 21:6 [4] ἅ ] om. Markland (1772) cj11446
Luke 21:32 [25] πάντα ] ταῦτα πάντα Beza (1556) cj10519
Luke 23:28 [26] ἐμέ ] ἐμοί Price (1660) cj11459
Luke 23:54 [8] παρασκευῆς ] txt Beza (1565) cj11462
Luke 24:21 [43] σήμερον (𝔐) ] ἡ σήμερον Markland (1772) cj11466
John 1:21 [8] τί ] τίς Markland (1772) cj11475
John 1:28 [6] Βηθανίᾳ ] Βηθαβαρᾷ Origen 229 cj10521
John 1:31 [28–30] ἐν ὕδατι ] om. Blass (1902) cj16518
John 2:11 [5] ἀρχήν ] πρώτην ἀρχήν Pallis (1926) cj12762
John 2:15 [52] ἀνέτρεψεν ] txt Bos (1700) cj10151
John 3:13 [35] ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ (𝔐) ] ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ Barrington (1782) cj11481
John 4:6 [39] ὥρα ] ὥρα δέ Beza (1556) cj11485
John 4:9 [36] οὔσης ] om. Semler (1771) cj16968
John 4:37 [13] ἀληθινός ] txt Beza (1556) cj12062
John 4:39 [20–22] τῶν Σαμαριτῶν ] om. Owen (1782) cj10771
John 6:15 [36–38] αὐτὸς μόνος ] om. Mill (1707) cj16398
John 6:21 [2] ἤθελον ] ἦλθον Michaelis (1777) cj11494
John 6:21 [28–30] ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ] ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν Stunica (1524) cj14749
John 6:51 [60–76] ἡ σάρξ μού ἐστιν ὑπὲρ τῆς τοῦ κόσμου ζωῆς ] ὑπὲρ τῆς τοῦ κόσμου ζωῆς ἡ σάρξ μού ἐστιν Rauwenhoff (1852) cj16209
John 6:51 [67] ἐστιν ] ἐστιν ἣν ἐγὼ δώσω Holwerda (1855) cj15392
John 6:65 [24] με ] ἐμέ Holwerda (1855) cj11939
John 7:8 [18–24] εἰς τὴν ἑορτὴν ταύτην ] om. Wassenbergh (1815) cj10788
John 7:22 [2–4] διὰ τοῦτο ] om. Schulthess (1833) cj11943
John 7:23 [36] ὑγιῆ ] om. Wassenbergh (1815) cj11944
John 7:32 [24–32] οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι ] om. Semler (1771) cj11947
John 7:50 [10–20] ὁ ἐλθὼν πρὸς αὐτὸν [τὸ] πρότερον ] om. Eichhorn (1810) cj16758
John 7:52 [37] προφήτης ] ὁ προφήτης Owen (1782) cj10221
John 8:4 [14] κατείληπται ] κατελήφθη Bois (1643) cj11501
John 8:57 [26] ἑώρακας ] ἑώρακε σέ Harting (1880) cj10797
John 9:18 [38–40] τοῦ ἀναβλέψαντος ] om. Wassenbergh (1815) cj12021
John 9:27 [14] οὐκ ] om. Beza (1565) cj11511
John 10:21 [20] δαιμόνιον ] δαιμονιῶν Markland (1772) cj11513
John 10:26 [25] καθὼς εἶπον ὑμῖν (TR/𝔐) ] om. Erasmus (1519) cj10526
John 10:38 [26–28] καὶ γινώσκητε ] om. Naber (1881) cj10802
John 11:1 [16] ἐκ ] om. Markland (1772) cj11515
John 11:11 [28–30] πορεύομαι ἵνα ] om. Dieffenbach (1816) cj12085
John 11:12 [6–10] οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτῷ ] om. Griesbach (1777) cj11962
John 11:15 [10–12] ἵνα πιστεύσητε ] om. Dieffenbach (1816) cj12086
John 11:47 [24] ποιοῦμεν ] ποιῶμεν Naber (1878) cj10804
John 12:1 [29] ὁ τεθνηκώς (𝔐) ] om. Semler (1772) cj16976
John 12:6 [36] ἔχων ] ἔχον Peerlkamp (1855) cj10805
John 12:32 [8–12] ἐκ τῆς γῆς ] om. Blass (1902) cj16498
John 13:10 [20–22] εἰ μή ] om. Dieffenbach (1816) cj12087
John 13:34 [22–30] ἵνα καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀγαπᾶτε ἀλλήλους ] om. Naber (1881) cj10813
John 14:13 [22] ποιήσω ] ποιήσει Blass (1902) cj10224
John 14:14 [2–20] vs ] om. Beza (1598) cj10815
John 15:6 [32] αὐτά ] αὐτό Stunica (1524) cj14750
John 16:23 [38–44] ἐν τῷ ὀνόματί μου ] om. Brandt (1891) cj10822
John 17:16 [2–24] vs ] om. Owen (1782) cj11538
John 18:1 [24] τοῦ ] txt Stunica (1520) cj16737
John 18:20 [38] πάντες ] πάντοθεν Beza (1556) cj15275
John 19:14 [18] ἕκτη ] τρίτη Ammonius of Alexandria 275 cj10529
John 19:17 [6] ἑαυτῷ ] αὐτοῦ Holwerda (1854) cj11991
John 19:20 [28–30] τῆς πόλεως ] om. Holwerda (1860) cj10829
John 19:20 [44] γεγραμμένον ] γεγραμμένος Owen (1782) cj11550
John 19:21 [26–28] τῶν Ἰουδαίων ] om. Bengel (1742) cj11551
John 19:29 [20] ὑσσώπῳ περιθέντες ] ὑσσῷ περιθέντες Beza (1582) cj10693
John 21:15 [28–30] πλέον τούτων ] om. Owen (1782) cj11561
John 21:25 [2–46] vs ] om. Penn (1837) cj10531
Acts 1:13 [32] καί ] om. Owen (1782) cj11569
Acts 1:15 [28] τε ] δέ Beza (1582) cj12181
Acts 1:17 [2] ὅτι ] ὅτε Zwiep (2004) cj14230
Acts 2:3 [18] ἐκάθισεν ] ἐκάθισαν Junius (1642) cj11575
Acts 3:8 [4] ἐξαλλόμενος ] ἐξαλόμενος Blass (1895) cj10845
Acts 3:11 [26–28] πρὸς αὐτούς ] om. Michelsen (1884) cj16824
Acts 4:25 [4–14] ὁ τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου στόματος Δαυὶδ παιδός σου εἰπών ] ὁ διὰ στόματος Δαυὶδ παιδός σου εἰπών Blass (1895) cj10850
Acts 7:14 [32] πέντε ] om. Calvin (1552) cj11605
Acts 7:57 [2] κράξαντες ] κράξαντος Battier (1722) cj10239
Acts 9:10 [26–28] ἐν ὁράματι ] om. Michelsen (1884) cj16830
Acts 9:15 [22] ἐστίν ] om. Michelsen (1884) cj16831
Acts 9:25 [10] αὐτοῦ ] αὐτόν Haenchen (1956) cj16039
Acts 10:5 [8] ἄνδρας ] om. Michelsen (1884) cj16834
Acts 10:25 [8] τοῦ ] om. Rinck (1830) cj10247
Acts 10:47 [4–6] τὸ ὕδωρ ] om. van de Sande Bakhuyzen (1880) cj12016
Acts 10:48 [16] Χριστοῦ ] om. Schläger (1905) cj14547
Acts 13:10 [42–44] τὰς εὐθείας ] om. van de Sande Bakhuyzen (1880) cj12018
Acts 13:18 [10] ἐτροποφόρησεν ] ἐτροφοφόρησεν Casaubon (1610) cj11639
Acts 13:33 [18] τοῖς τέκνοις [αὐτῶν] ἡμῖν ] τοῖς τέκνοις αὐτῶν Blass (1895) cj11277
Acts 13:50 [8] παρώτρυναν ] παρώξυναν Naber (1881) cj10637
Acts 14:8 [8–16] ἀδύνατος ἐν Λύστροις τοῖς ποσίν ] ἐν Λύστροις van de Sande Bakhuyzen (1880) cj12019
Acts 14:8 [30–34] ὃς οὐδέποτε περιεπάτησεν ] om. van de Sande Bakhuyzen (1880) cj12020
Acts 16:9 [22] τις ] om. Michelsen (1884) cj16835
Acts 16:32 [12–14] τοῦ κυρίου ] om. Michelsen (1884) cj16876
Acts 16:37 [42] ἐκβάλλουσιν ] ἐκβαλοῦσιν Naber (1878) cj10869
Acts 17:4 [32] Ἑλλήνων ] om. van de Sande Bakhuyzen (1880) cj10871
Acts 17:19 [19] δυνάμεθα ] οὐ δυνάμεθα Toup (1766) cj11669
Acts 17:26 [36–38] τὰς ὁροθεσίας ] τὰ ὁροθέσια Blass (1895) cj10875
Acts 18:14 [42] πονηρόν ] om. Owen (1782) cj11694
Acts 18:27 [36] συνεβάλετο ] συνελάβετο Junius (1642) cj11699
Acts 19:27 [12] ἡμῖν ] ἡμῶν Grotius (1645) cj11704
Acts 19:27 [34] θεᾶς ] om. Mill (1707) cj11705
Acts 19:27 [46–48] μέλλειν τε ] μέλλει δέ Toup (1766) cj11706
Acts 20:9 [36–42] κατενεχθεὶς ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕπνου ] om. Owen (1782) cj10013
Acts 21:9 [12] παρθένοι ] om. Michelsen (1884) cj16838
Acts 21:26 [52] προσηνέχθη ] προσενεχθῇ Lachmann (1850) cj10893
Acts 22:3 [56–58] τοῦ θεοῦ ] om. Michelsen (1879) cj10896
Acts 22:3 [58] θεοῦ ] νόμου Beza (1556) cj11726
Acts 22:13 [32–34] εἰς αὐτόν ] om. Blass (1895) cj15951
Acts 22:25 [20] ἑστῶτα ] ἐφεστῶτα Naber (1878) cj10900
Acts 23:23 [38] δεξιολάβους ] δεξιοβόλους Erasmus (1516) cj11736
Acts 24:21 [9] ταύτης φωνῆς ] ταύτης τῆς φωνῆς Heikel (1934) cj16916
Acts 24:21 [20] ἑστώς ] om. Michelsen (1884) cj16842
Acts 25:13 [18] Βερνίκη ] Βερενίκη Blass (1895) cj10012
Acts 25:13 [26] ἀσπασάμενοι ] corruptum est Hort (1881) cj10591
Acts 25:18 [24] πονηρῶν ] om. Naber (1878) cj13590
Acts 26:20 [18–28] πᾶσάν τε τὴν χώραν τῆς Ἰουδαίας ] εἰς πᾶσάν τε χώραν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις Greve (1811) cj12493
Acts 27:20 [32] περιῃρεῖτο ] περιῄρητο Naber (1878) cj10916
Acts 28:8 [14] πυρετοῖς ] πυρετῷ Owen (1782) cj11766
Acts 28:9 [16–20] ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ] om. Michelsen (1884) cj16847
Acts 28:21 [52] πονηρόν ] om. Naber (1878) cj10926
Rom 1:4 [4] ὁρισθέντος ] προορισθέντος Marcellus of Ancyra 339 cj10271
Rom 1:10 [2] πάντοτε ] om. Beza (1556) cj12719
Rom 4:9 [15] περιτομήν ] περιτομὴν μόνον Owen (1782) cj11781
Rom 4:17 [44] ὡς ] εἰς Mangey (1742) cj11785
Rom 5:1 [12] ἔχομεν ] txt Lietzmann (1919) cj10276
Rom 5:9 [4] οὖν ] om. van de Sande Bakhuyzen (1880) cj12843
Rom 5:12 [38] καὶ οὕτως ] οὕτως Faber Stapulensis (1512) cj11789
Rom 6:16 [24] ᾧ ὑπακούετε ] ὡς ὑπακούετε Lachmann (1850) cj10283
Rom 6:19 [42–46] εἰς τὴν ἀνομίαν ] om. Wall (1730) cj14068
Rom 8:38 [32–34] οὔτε δυνάμεις ] om. Fritzsche (1839) cj10928
Rom 9:12 [14] καλοῦντος ] λαλοῦντος Michaelis (1788) cj12911
Rom 9:31 [12–14] εἰς νόμον ] om. Michelsen (1887) cj15006
Rom 12:3 [32–38] παρ’ ὃ δεῖ φρονεῖν ] om. Baljon (1884) cj10302
Rom 13:3 [16–18] ἀγαθῷ ἔργῳ ] ἀγαθοεργῷ Junius (1642) cj10701
Rom 13:4 [48–54] ἔκδικος εἰς ὀργήν ] εἰς ὀργήν, ἔκδικος Pearce (1721) cj12955
Rom 14:20 [23] καθαρά ] καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς Mangey (1755) cj11824
1 Cor 6:15 [20] ἄρας ] ἆρα Bos (1713) cj10571
1 Cor 6:15 [20] ἄρας ] ἄρα Bentley (1720) cj14588
1 Cor 7:34 [2–6] καὶ μεμέρισται. καί ] μεμέρισται Güting (1998) cj16524
1 Cor 9:10 [40–42] ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ] om. Beza (1556) cj10574
1 Cor 9:12 [8] ὑμῶν ] ἡμῶν Olearius (1685) cj13103
1 Cor 10:7 [6] γίνεσθε ] γίνεσθαι Erasmus (1516) cj12176
1 Cor 10:8 [24] τρεῖς ] τέσσαρες Musculus (1559) cj10577
1 Cor 11:6 [28–30] ἢ ξυρᾶσθαι ] om. Owen (1782) cj13114
1 Cor 12:13 [48] ἐποτίσθημεν ] ἐφωτίσθημεν Canter (1575) cj10330
1 Cor 14:11 [32] ἐν ] om. Straatman (1863) cj10972
1 Cor 14:12 [14] πνευμάτων ] πνευματικῶν Beza (1556) cj13849
1 Cor 14:38 [10] ἀγνοεῖται ] ἀγνοεῖτε Fritzsche (1841) cj10007
1 Cor 16:22 [14] ἤτω ] ἔστω Holwerda (1853) cj12268
1 Cor 16:24 [6] μου ] θεοῦ Estius (1613) cj13158
2 Cor 1:15 [24] χάριν ] χαράν Junius (1642) cj10293
2 Cor 2:15 [10–12] τῷ θεῷ ] om. Weiss (1908) cj16609
2 Cor 3:3 [46] καρδίαις ] om. Holwerda (1853) cj10142
2 Cor 4:17 [20–22] εἰς ὑπερβολήν ] om. Naber (1881) cj14655
2 Cor 7:8 [28] βλέπω ] βλέπων Lachmann (1850) cj10096
Gal 1:4 [32] πονηροῦ ] om. O’Neill (1972) cj12693
Gal 1:18 [30] δεκαπέντε ] δέκα Blass (1905) cj14820
Gal 2:1 [6] δεκατεσσάρων ] τεσσάρων Cappellus (1634) cj10100
Gal 2:3 [8–12] ὁ σὺν ἐμοί ] om. van Manen (1887) cj14767
Gal 2:13 [22] συναπήχθη ] συναπαχθῆναι Bentley (1720) cj10187
Gal 2:20 [40–42] τοῦ υἱοῦ ] om. O’Neill (1972) cj10217
Gal 3:19 [28] ᾧ ] ὅ Sahlin (1983) cj16002
Gal 3:22 [10–12] τὰ πάντα ] τοὺς πάντας Owen (1782) cj14802
Gal 4:17 [14] ὑμᾶς ] ἡμᾶς Beza (1556) cj11037
Gal 6:4 [22] μόνον ] om. Beza (1556) cj12688
Gal 6:7 [16] ἐάν ] ἄν Musculus (1569) cj14862
Eph 2:3 [50] φύσει ] om. Usteri (1824) cj11039
Eph 6:18 [6] προσευχῆς ] προσοχῆς Mangey (1755) cj15211
Phil 2:1 [32] τις ] τινα Bebel (1524) cj16271
Phil 2:30 [18] παραβολευσάμενος ] txt Scaliger (1600) cj10347
Col 1:24 [1] νῦν χαίρω ] ὃς νῦν χαίρω Beza (1565) cj10189
Col 2:14 [12–14] τοῖς δόγμασιν ] om. Baljon (1885) cj10109
Col 2:16 [26] μέρει ] ἡμέρᾳ Junius (1642) cj13850
1 Thess 2:11 [6] ὡς ] εἰς Junius (1642) cj13896
1 Thess 3:3 [6] σαίνεσθαι ] σιαίνεσθαι Reiske (1763) cj11714
1 Thess 4:5 [8] ἐπιθυμίας ] ἀτιμίας Hammond (1653) cj13356
1 Thess 4:6 [12–14] ἐν τῷ ] ἔν τινι Grotius (1645) cj10351
2 Thess 1:10 [30] ἐπιστεύθη ] ἐπιστώθη Markland (1772) cj10114
1 Tim 2:10 [4] ὅ ] ὡς Price (1660) cj10210
1 Tim 3:16 [18] ὅς ] ὅ Erasmus (1516) cj16570
1 Tim 6:3 [12] προσέρχεται ] προσέχει vel προσέχεται Bentley (1713) cj10214
1 Tim 6:5 [2] διαπαρατριβαί ] παρατριβαί Price (1660) cj13390
Titus 2:7 [22] ἀφθορίαν ] ἀδιαφορίαν Price (1660) cj13405
Phlm 9 [20] πρεσβύτης ] πρεσβευτής Bentley (1720) cj10116
Phlm 10 [4] σε ] δέ Heinrichs (1798) cj16768
Heb 3:19 [16] ἀπιστίαν ] ἀπείθειαν Junius (1642) cj13037
Heb 7:4 [16] Ἀβραάμ ] om. Naber (1878) cj11093
Heb 9:1 [13] ἡ πρώτη ] ἡ πρώτη ἐκείνη Markland (1739) cj15773
Heb 11:4 [38] αὐτοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ ] αὐτῷ τοῦ θεοῦ Westcott & Hort (1881) cj10036
Heb 11:35 [4] γυναῖκες ] txt Westcott & Hort (1881) cj10661
Heb 11:37 [5] ἐπειράσθησαν (ℵ/𝔐) ] om. Erasmus (1522) cj10662
Jas 1:11 [60] πορείαις ] εὐπορίαις Mangey (1755) cj11112
Jas 3:1 [4–6] πολλοὶ διδάσκαλοι ] πολυδιδάσκαλοι Michelsen (1879) cj10371
Jas 4:15 [22–24] καὶ ποιήσομεν ] ποιήσομεν Erasmus (1520) cj10536
Jas 5:4 [24] ἀπεστερημένος ] ἀφυστερημένος Mangey (1755) cj15775
Jas 5:4 [26] ἀφ’ ὑμῶν ] ὑφ’ ὑμῶν Naber (1878) cj11119
Jas 5:20 [2] γινωσκέτω ] γινώσκετε Calvin (1551) cj10538
1 Pet 1:7 [6] τὸ δοκίμιον ] τὸ δόκιμον Hort (1881) cj10037
1 Pet 2:5 [26] πνευματικάς ] om. Mill (1707) cj15144
1 Pet 3:4 [12] ἄνθρωπος ] om. Bentley (1720) cj11129
1 Pet 3:5 [16–22] αἱ ἐλπίζουσαι εἰς θεόν ] om. Mill (1707) cj16030
1 Pet 3:20 [6] ὅτε ] ὅτι Bethe (1858) cj13518
1 Pet 3:20 [34–38] τοῦτ’ ἔστιν ὀκτώ ] om. Wassenbergh (1815) cj11132
1 Pet 3:21 [2] ὅ ] ᾧ Erasmus (1516) cj10038
1 Pet 3:21 [2] ὅ ] om. Semler (1783) cj16123
2 Pet 2:12 [12] γεγεννημένα ] om. Bentley (1720) cj14640
2 Pet 2:14 [8] μοιχαλίδος ] μοιχείας Bigg (1901) cj14657
2 Pet 2:18 [17] ἀσελγείαις ] ἐν ἀσελγείαις Beza (1565) cj15413
2 Pet 3:5 [28–32] καὶ δι’ ὕδατος ] om. Naber (1881) cj11143
2 Pet 3:9 [8] τῆς ἐπαγγελίας ] τὰς ἐπαγγελίας Grotius (1645) cj10387
1 John 2:27 [8–48] χρῖσμα … χρῖσμα ] χάρισμα … χάρισμα Naber (1881) cj11148
1 John 2:28 [30] ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ ] ἐπ’ αὐτοῦ Mangey (1755) cj11149
1 John 5:15 [6] οἴδαμεν ] εἴδωμεν Baljon (1893) cj11154
3 John 7 [16] ἀπό ] παρά Beza (1589) cj11886
Jude 5 [16] πάντα ] πάντας Hort (1881) cj10673
Jude 11 [28] μισθοῦ ] om. de Zwaan (1909) cj16586
Jude 15 [53] ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀσεβεῖς ] ἁμαρτωλοὶ καὶ ἀσεβεῖς Price (1660) cj11160
Rev 1:20 [62] ἑπτὰ ἑπτά ] ἑπτά Westcott & Hort (1881) cj10676
Rev 2:5 [52–56] ἐὰν μὴ μετανοήσῃς ] om. Charles (1920) cj12100
Rev 2:8 [40] ἔζησεν ] ἀνέζησεν Mangey (1755) cj11316
Rev 2:12 [8] τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ] τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῷ Westcott & Hort (1881) cj10677
Rev 3:1 [8] τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ] τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῷ Westcott & Hort (1881) cj10039
Rev 3:3 [44–46] ποίαν ὥραν ] ποίᾳ ὥρᾳ Price (1660) cj11507
Rev 3:8 [33] μικράν ] οὐ μικράν Mangey (1755) cj11889
Rev 3:14 [8] τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ] τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῷ Westcott & Hort (1881) cj10041
Rev 4:6 [22–30] ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ θρόνου καί ] om. Charles (1920) cj12106
Rev 5:1 [32] κατεσφραγισμένον ] καὶ ἐσφραγισμένον Sahlin (1983) cj14286
Rev 5:11 [44–48] μυριάδες μυριάδων καί ] om. Bousset (1896) cj12113
Rev 5:12 [2] λέγοντες ] λεγόντων Owen (1782) cj11636
Rev 8:3 [40–42] ταῖς προσευχαῖς ] τὰς προσευχάς Castellio (1551) cj11690
Rev 8:4 [14–16] ταῖς προσευχαῖς ] τῆς προσευχῆς Grotius (1645) cj12026
Rev 8:13 [12] ἀετοῦ ] ἀγγέλου ὡς ἀετοῦ Könnecke (1908) cj12127
Rev 9:9 [32] ἵππων ] om. Baljon (1908) cj12132
Rev 12:18 [4] ἐστάθη ] txt Piscator (1613) cj10560
Rev 13:16 [44] δῶσιν ] δώσει Westcott & Hort (1881) cj10684
Rev 14:19 [40] τὴν ληνόν ] τὸν ληνόν Breunissen Troost (1861) cj12064
Rev 15:3 [72] ἐθνῶν ] αἰώνων Mill (1707) cj15199
Rev 18:3 [14–16] τῆς πορνείας ] om. Zahn (1926) cj10409
Rev 18:17 [30] τόπον ] πόντον Nestle (1897) cj11174
Rev 18:21 [16] μύλινον ] μυλικόν Junius (1642) cj12073
Rev 19:9 [44–46] τοῦ θεοῦ ] om. Bousset (1896) cj12133
Rev 19:13 [8] βεβαμμένον ] ῤεραμμένον Westcott & Hort (1881) cj10686
Rev 20:11 [20] αὐτόν ] αὐτῷ Charles (1920) cj12141
Rev 21:9 [56–62] τὴν νύμφην τὴν γυναῖκα ] τὴν νύμφην vel τὴν γυναῖκα Bousset (1896) cj10413
Rev 21:19 [42] χαλκηδών ] καρχηδών Colomesius (1679) cj12075
Rev 22:2 [40] ἀποδιδοῦν ] ἀποδιδόν Anonymous (1927) cj10011
Rev 22:3 [6] κατάθεμα ] ἀνάθεμα Naber (1881) cj11175
Rev 22:13 [14–22] ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ] om. Crellius (1726) cj14739

Satan in the Latin Freer Logion

Anyone interested in the textual criticism of the New Testament knows about the so-called Freer Logion. This is a passage found in only one known New Testament manuscript, Codex Washingtonianus (ca. 400), also called the Freer Codex after the art collector who bought it in the beginning of the twentieth century. The Freer Logion can be found in Mark 16, in between vss 14 en 15. So we are talking about words that were inserted into the unauthentic 'longer ending'. The Freer Logion starts as follows:

And those ones excused themselves, saying, “This age of lawlessness and unbelief is under Satan (ὑπὸ τὸν σατανᾶν), who does not permit ... (transl. Craig Evans, WBC)

Although the Freer Logion became known as a manuscript reading only in the twentieth century, the first half of it was already known from the very beginning of the textual criticism in the age of the printed book. In the annotationes to his 1516 NT edition, Erasmus refers to Jeromes Dialogues against the Pelagians. Here (in section 15 of book 2) Jerome quotes, in Latin, an addition to the ending of Mark he says can be found especially in Greek copies.

Well then, while I was reading the Freer Logion in the text of Erasmus, I was surprised. Something was missing there, that is, Satan was dropped. The Freer Logion in the annotationes of Erasmus:

Et illi satisfaciebant dicentes: seculum istud iniquitatis et incredulitatis substantia est, quae non sinit ...

These words may be translated  as something like:

And they excused themselves, saying: this age 'consists of' (?) lawlessness and unbelief, which does not permit ...

I'm not sure whether the way 'substantia' (for which Lewis & Short offer, among others, the meaning 'that of which a thing consists') is used here, is awkward or not. But apparently, this is what Erasmus found in his manuscript or manuscripts of the Dialogues, and also what he prints in his edition of Jerome. Moreover, until the end of the twentieth century, this is printed as text in every edition of Jerome's Dialogues.

It is not so difficult to see what went wrong in the transmission of the Latin Freer Logion. SUBSATANA ('under Satan') was misread (or misheard) as SUBSTANTIA. The following relative pronoun, the masculine 'qui', was subsequently changed into the feminine 'quae' to make it correspond with 'substantia'.

In fact, Migne, who published Jerome's works in the second half of the nineteenth century, knew about a Vatican manuscript that had the reading 'sub Satana'. Migne acknowledges that this reading makes much more sense than 'substantia'. However, since he thought this manuscript continued with the wrong pronoun 'quae', he did not dare to adopt this reading, and to print, without manuscript evidence, the right pronoun 'qui'. In other words: he did not want to resort to conjectural criticism. Migne's reluctance is typical for a theological tradition of fear to go beyond the manuscripts.

Migne's remark ended up in the Nestle-editions. E.g. in the most recent 28th edition one finds in the apparatus at Mark 16, in the quotation of Jerome, 'substantia (= sub Satana?)'.

A final twist, then. Migne was mistaken. The Vatican manuscript from which he knew about the reading 'sub Satana' simply continues with the right pronoun: qui. In fact, the oldest manuscript of the Dialogues known today, a 6th/7th century codex in possession of the library of Lyon, also has 'sub Satana..., qui'. This is also the reading of the modern critical edition, the 1990 CCSL volume of Moreschini. Therefore, it no longer makes sense to refer to 'sub Satana' between brackets, like Nestle-Aland does. (I have been told that in the forthcomoning third print of NA28 'sub Satana ..., qui' will replace 'substantia ..., quae'.)

Moral from this story? I would say: strange things can happen in the transmission of ancient texts. And to this I would add, as a student of New Testament conjectural criticism, we should not reject a conjecture too quickly, simply because it is too brilliant to be true. Imagine we would not have Codex Washingtonianus, nor Latin manuscripts with 'sub Satana'. And then a clever scholar would conjecture 'sub Satana'. Probably we would smile, appreciate the creativity, but reject it as too far-fetched, and point at the pronoun that needs to be changed to show that the scenario of textual corruption is highly implausible.
Again, strange things happen.

New Marginalia to Minuscule 69

The 5th of March, 2013, the participants of the Eighth Birmingham Colloquium on the Textual Criticism of the New Testament visited the Leicester Record Office in order to take a look at the famous Leicester Codex, minuscule 69.

David Parker lecturing on the Leicester Codex

The manuscript is very interesting. As a member of family 13 (the so-called Ferrar group, or φ), it links Britain to Southern Italy in mysterious ways. The manuscript was studied by Erasmus during his stay in Cambridge (1510-1515), in the years that Erasmus’ New Testament project still consisted of hardly more than critically collating and annotating the text of the Latin Vulgate with whatever Greek sources he could find. Some of the particular readings of min. 69 subsequently found their way into Erasmus’ Annotationes.

During our visit, we were drawn into yet another interesting aspect of the manuscript’s history, namely a set of marginal notes to the word Ἀντιπᾶς in Revelation 2:13 (f. 203^r).
First, an unknown annotator, in the decades before 1844, wrote the following (in ink!):

Originally written Αντειπας and the erasure and alteration of τιπ in blacker ink is obvious.

Tregelles, who studied the manuscript while preparing his own edition of the text of Revelation (published in 1844), reacted sharply:

There is no erasure or alteration. S.P. Tregelles.

One easily senses some irritation in the double underlining of “no”. In any case, O. T. Dobbin (did we already know that he studied this manuscript?) found the case important enough to add his own two cents:

Dr. Tregelles is certainly correct – O. T. Dobbin.

Scholarship in the margins?

After careful study of the passage, we (Tommy Wasserman and Jan Krans) could not but fully agree with Tregelles’ and Dobbin’s judgment. In fact, it is amazing to see with what ease people then and now cover the margins of manuscripts with such trifles

NB: This post is published on both the Amsterdam New Testament Weblog and Evangelical Textual Criticism.

The Turning Point for Mark 16:9-20

This year’s December edition of Schrift, which has just been released, is entirely devoted to the Gospel of Mark. The one article they offer as a free download, entitled “Hoe ‘Want ze waren bang’ het slot van Markus werd” (“How ‘For they were afraid’ became Mark’s ending”), is about the history of textcritical scholarship on Mark’s ending.

When I agreed to write about Mark’s ending, the first thing I wanted to know, if only for myself, was when scholars started to doubt the authenticity of the last twelve verses. In Kelhoffer’s Miracle and Mission (2000) I found an extensive overview of the history of scholarship on Mark’s ‘Longer Ending’. According to Kelhoffer, critical reflection on the Longer Ending in the age of the printed book started with Birch’s publication of Vaticanus readings at the end of the 18th century. Out of curiosity, however, I moved back into history, from Birch to Wettstein (1751) … Bengel (1734) … Mill (1707) … Simon (1689) … Erasmus (1516)… All these scholars appear to already discuss the problem of Mark’s ending!

Through the ages, New Testament textual critics became increasingly aware of the problem. They encountered several remarks by Church Fathers, as well as all kinds of ‘paratextual’ information in the many New Testament manuscripts they studied. However, none of these manuscripts, no matter how old they seemed to be (such as A, C and D, all dated to the 5th century today), actually had Mark ending at 16:8. Therefore, before the end of the 18th century, no scholar, to my knowledge, ventured to hold Mark’s description of the risen Christ’s appearances to be secondary.

Then came, as mentioned, Andreas Birch, the Danish theologian-philologian, who, from 1781 to 1783, collated dozens of Greek New Testament manuscripts in continental European libraries, mainly those in Italy. Tregelles says about Birch that he “probably did more than any other scholar in the collation of MSS. of the Greek Testament” (Account of the Printed Text, 1854, p. 88). One of the manuscripts Birch examined in the Vatican library was already famous for its presumed age (some held it to belong to the 4th century; this dating is commonly accepted today). Some of its peculiar readings had already been circulating among scholars from Erasmus onwards; Wettstein can refer frequently to the manuscript he labelled ‘B’ because of its age. The most remarkable variant of ‘Codex Vaticanus’, however, had remained hidden from the scholarly community. Birch must have had his finest hour when discovering that in this manuscript, today generally considered to be our best one, Mark ends with ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ—“for they were afraid” (16:8).

Well then, the article is about this story, the accumulation of evidence from Erasmus to Birch, additional evidence after Birch, and the paradigm shift in textcritical theory around 1800 that makes the evidence of a manuscript like Vaticanus so weighty.

A final note. When I handed in the final draft of my article last summer, there was one thing I unfortunately had not been able to check: Birch’s presentation of the Vaticanus evidence in his 1788 Quatuor Evangelia Graece. No Dutch library had this book, and, more importantly, it was not yet available digitally on the internet. Archive.org did offer the 1801 revision under the title Variae Lectiones ad Textum IV Evangeliorum. Here I did find Birch discussing the absence of Mark 16:9-20 in Vaticanus as the most telling example of the quality of this manuscript. But I wanted to hear him say such a thing in the 1788 edition, looking at the actual pages that can be seen as the turning point in the history of scholarship on Mark’s ending. I spoke about this with my fellow PhD candidate Christian Holmgaerd, who is Danish. A few weeks ago, he came with a big surprise: at his request the Royal Library in Kopenhagen digitized Birch’s 1788 Quatuor Evangelia Graece, in beautiful sharp images, and put it online. This is the title page:

On p. xxi Birch shares his exciting find with the world:

“Now although I believe the things I have put forward above make clear how much value should be assigned to Codex Vaticanus; still, let me provide, out of many observations, one example through which this becomes very clear.

The final pericope of the Gospel of Mark, from 16:9 down to the end of the chapter, is entirely absent in our manuscript, so that below the words ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ the subscription κατὰ μάρκον is placed. …”

Thanks to Christian and Det Kongelige Bibliotek!